******************************************************************************* * * * TTTTTTT X X M M GGGGGG A Mostly Unofficial * * T X X MM MM G Publication for Users * * T EEEEEEE XXX M M M M A G GG Of the TeX Computer * * T E X X M M M A A G G Typesetting System. * * T EEEE X X M M M AAAAA GGGGGG * * E A A Volume 2, Number 6 * * EEEEEEE A A Distribution: 1296 or so... * * * ******************************************************************************* December 30, 1988 \footnote............................................................1 News LaTeX style collection moves to Clarkson...........................2 A new and improved LaTeX manual?...................................3 TeXhax moves to Washington.........................................4 "You say Lah-TeX I say Lay-TeX": A report on the 1988 TeX Users Group Meeting....................................................5 How to change the LaTeX layout.......................................6 The Toolbox..........................................................7 TeX Mysteries and Puzzles............................................8 __1 \footnote{Forgotten, but not dead} Well, a mere three and a half months later, I've finally gotten the time to sit down and put together the latest issue of TeXMaG. Hopefully, I shall be able to get TeXMaG back on a more regular schedule for Volume 3. If any of you have submitted articles and not seen them in print, please let me know. I have a dread feeling that I've lost a few submisions along the lines. Also, of interest, is the news that TeX and Metafont have reached versions 2.95 and 1.7 respectively. More on this will appear in a future issue. G'day -dh __2 ********************************************************************** * LaTeX style collection moves to Clarkson * ********************************************************************** The LaTeX style collection has been moved. It now resides at sun.soe.clarkson.edu. The collection will now be maintained by Michael DeCorte, a Clarkson University computer science student. As always, submissions are encouraged. Mail should be sent to mrd@sun.soe.clarkson.edu or archive-management@sun.soe.clarkson.edu A few changes have been made in the collection that should be noted. First, the names of the files that users should access are: Index A list of all the files in reverse chronological ordering Description A list of all the files in alphabetical ordering with a brief description of each Readme Documentation on how to get files Also, all .doc files have been renamed to .sty and the original .sty will be removed. This change does not affect the style file's use. If you must squeeze the last bit of performance out of your machine, get docsty.shar. [[Note: on smaller computers, e.g. PC's, using the .sty files as supplied may cause memory problems. -ed.] Internet users can use anonymous ftp to retrieve files. The files are stored in pub/latex-style. Other users can use the mail archive to retrieve files. Send mail to archiver-server@sun.soe.clarkson.edu with the body of the mail message containing the command help or index or send. The send command must be followed by latex-style and then the files you want. Users who are not in the uucp maps database are strongly encourage to include a path command followed by a path from clarkson to you. If you don't include a path command, your mail may not get to you and will definitely be delayed as Michael will have to mail it by hand. You should realize that Clarkson does not have a uucp connection; therefore you must send it to an Internet or Bitnet host that does have a uucp connection. For example, host!user@uunet.uu.net should send: To: archive-server@clarkson.edu Subject: path host!user@uunet.uu.net send latex-style Readme Index send latex-style resume.sty Note that this syntax is different from that used by the server at University of Rochester. Clarkson Archiver Server archiver-server@sun.soe.clarkson.edu archive-server%sun.soe.clarkson.edu@omnigate.bitnet dumb1!dumb2!dumb3!smart!sun.soe.clarkson.edu!archive-server __3 ********************************************************************** * A new and improved LaTeX manual? * ********************************************************************** By Leslie Lamport You all may be interested to know that the LaTeX manual has sold almost 60,000 copies. Addison-Wesley would like to publish a revised edition, and I'm considering whether it's worth doing. There are three possibilities: expanding the book with new material, writing a second book, or doing nothing. I would like to find out how LaTeX users feel about this. What additional material would people find useful? Should it be a new book to supplement the manual or an new version of the current manual? I'm particularly interested in hearing from users who do not have a technical background. Please reply directly to me at `lamport@src.dec.com'. If this address doesn't work, tell your mail wizard that he's probably using obsolete network software and try resending to `lamport@decwrl.dec.com'. __4 ********************************************************************** * TeXhax moves to Washington * ********************************************************************** Malcolm Brown has retired from his position as TeXhax moderator and has been succeded by the efforts of Pierre Mackay and Tiina Modiset (as everybody is fond of saying, yes, *2* I's). Numerous enhancements have been made to the format of the journal (for example, the inclusion of keywords in article headers) and Pierre and Tiina have been doing an admirable job of filling Malcolm's footsteps. In addition, the TeX Users Group has lent its support to the effort and hopefully, TeXhax will become more coordinated in the future. TeXhax submissions should now be sent to TeXhax@Cs.Washington.Edu __5 ********************************************************************** * "You say Lah-TeX I say Lay-TeX": * * A report on the 1988 TeX Users Group Meeting * ********************************************************************** For those of you unaware of this, the 1988 TeX Users Group meeting was held from August 21-24 at McGill University in Montr\'eal, Canada. Perhaps the most striking fact about Montr\'eal is that they don't speak English there (well a bit, but not as much as one would like). I remember wandering about the city thinking, "Gee, this is just like being in a foreign country." The fact that I was in a foreign country only reinforced the impression. My experience with the conference began on the morning of the 22nd when I arrived just in time to miss most of the introduction of officers, site coordinators, staff, and others. Fortunately I had many opportunities later to meet all of the assorted people from TUG as well as many of the participators. It was especially nice to be able to finally attach faces to the many names that I know and love from TeXhax, TUGboat, TeXMaG, et al.; of course nobody looked anything like I expected them to (except, for some strange reason, Shawn Farrell). The theme of the conference was TeX in Production with a number of interesting applications of TeX running from TV Guide to NASA technical reports to kennel club year books (!). Interestingly enough, nearly all of the presentations on the topic dealt with the same sort of applications. The primary idea presented regarding TeX was interfacing TeX with some sort of database system. In some cases, such as TV Guide, the database was generated from TeX code. This sort of system was used for requisitions: by typing certain essential information into macro definitions at the beginning of the TeX file containing the requisition, indexing information could easily be extracted from the file. Since TV Guide's primary computing resource is a large number of independent PC's, this approach allows them to generate a centralized database. Another approach to interfacing TeX and databases was presented by Robert Harris, who described his experiences using TeX to produce kennel club yearbooks. In this case, the information for the yearbooks was stored in a database accessed by a program written by Mr. Harris who runs an independent computer company in New York. He selected TeX as his output program because it seemed to him that it would be easier to drive it from his database than any other text processor available. Both of these approaches to interfacing TeX and database programs seem rather intriguing. In the past months, I've done some work in generating simple TeX code from dbase III (actually a friend did the work: I just told him what to do). Many article ideas are lurking behind this concept he hinted insidiously. Not all of the talk on the first day concerned interfacing TeX and databases; there were also talks on specific production applications of TeX given by Laurie Mann of Stratus Computer, Eric Jul of OCLC, James Mooney of West Virginia University and Elizabeth Barnhart of TV Guide. Unfortunately, at this late date I remember few details of their talks although I have a few notes written down on some of the more important points made, in particular, some of the concerns of the speakers included the difficulty of using non-CM fonts with TeX, the need to make TeX a fully integrated part of the user environment, and the need to shield the user from the complexities of TeX, usually through the use of a pre-processor. One rather interesting item was a program developed at TV Guide for producing text of varying column widths. The talks for the day were wrapped up with a presentation by Alex Warman on the decision to use TeX made by a trade typesetter (TeXworks Pty. Ltd.). Much of his presentation dealt with the barriers in making such a change due to conservativeness on the part of typesetter manufacturers and a lack of information interchange between typesetters in Australia. The day closed with a wine and cheese in the student pub sponsored by PC TeX. Not only were the wine and cheese excellant, but I was also presented with a number of opportunities to talk to various TeX people from everywhere. The second day began with presentations from various TeX-related exhibitors. This was opened by Barry Smith who has left Kellerman and Smith to form Blue Sky Research to market Textures, his implementation of TeX for the Macintosh (Kellerman and Smith is now just Kellerman and is called Northlake Software). Smith gave participants a preview of two major enhancements that are coming to Textures (as well as the proper pronunciation: teks-tyers). The first is an interface to Adobe Illustrator allowing many interesting manipulations of the PostScript output from Textures. Aside from separating the tasks of typesetting and "paste-up", in this manner, this allows other tasks such as use of color. Additionally, the PostScript files manipulated in this manner may be brought back into Textures for further manipulation. The second enhancement that he announced was the future availability of Computer Modern fonts in PostScript format developed by Projective Solutions. The outlines are created from high resolution GF files. The program for conversions should become available at some point in the future. Dean Guenther of the Washington State University Computing Service Center then described his university's TeXT1 text processing macro package: among the more notable features of this package are generalized markup, tables of contents, boxes, marginnotes, multiple columns, and a one pass sorted index for CMS. On IBM PCs, the package can be accessed from menus. Plus, all of the features are easily customizable and many samples are included with the package including a model for creating form letters from DBase III output. In addition to TeXT1, WSU also has available an IPA phonetics font as well as a driver for the Compugraphics 8600 typesetter for CMS. Amy Hendrickson of TeXnology Inc. then introduced her macro package, MacroTeX, which is now in its fully completed version. [At this point, I was getting tired of keeping detailed reports of the speakers, so my records have thinned out somewhat.] MacroTeX seems to offer many of the same features as TeXT1, but in a somewhat different format. There's really no way to tell which is the "better" product from the presentations. The people of Personal TeX Inc. have introduced numerous new products, including a new previewer of their very own, PTIview, and a new TeX typesetting service. Micro Publishing Systems of Vancouver, Canada announced the availability of their PC implementation of TeX, called CTeX, which is an implementation of TeX in CWEB. The product currently runs under DOS 2.1, but plans are in the works to implement TeX on other PC operating systems such as SCO XENIX and OS/2. In addition to CTeX, MPS also has TeXwrite, a text editor designed for use with TeX on the PC, printer drivers for PostScript and HP LaserJet compatible printers, and additional products from Arbortext and the Metafoundry. Robert Kinch, of Kinch Computer Co. then introduced his TeX implementation, TurboTeX, which is a mechanical translation of the WEB source of TeX into C. At this time, the program will compile under MS DOS, System V Unix and Berkeley Unix. Although somewhat slower than PCTeX, the package is much cheaper. As an added incentive to get people to try his program, Mr. Kinch gave away 100 copies of the program, plus numerous rain checks for those who couldn't make it into the first 100 places in line. The next product introduced was K-Talk's MathEditor which allows WYSIWYG input of mathematics for TeX and Word Perfect on PC's. This was followed by Computer Composition Corporation announcing the availabilty of their typesetting service. They have CM fonts available for their typesetter and promise a 2-day turnaround time. Stephan von Bechtolsheim talked about his book, _Another Look at TeX_, which promises to be the definitive guide to plain TeX. At the present time, it's two volumes and nearly a thousand pages, with many examples. I've seen early editions of the book and it's pretty good. Finally, we heard from Arbortext, who, as you may already know, have taken over the marketing of MicroTeX. The mackage is now called $\mu$-TeX (pardon my math mode) which should allow integrated TeX, edit, and preview; simplified keyboarding; and automated installation. After everybody came back from the exhibitors' room with their free copies of TurboTeX, we then heard the site coordinators' status reports which I have no record of whatsoever. The afternoon was begun with three talks on TeX training: TeX tips for getting started by Berkeley Parks; The art of teaching TeX for production by Alan Wittbecker; and Choosing between TeX and LaTeX by Shawn Farrell (incidentally, he suggests LaTeX). This was followed by Robert McGaffey reporting on the status of the DVI driver standards committee and a break. Afterwards, we heard several talks regarding non-English TeX: Nobuo Saito and Kazuhiro Kitagawa discussed Mathematics textbook publishing with Japanese TeX (by using TeX, they reduced the cost per book by a rather remarkable amount); Jacques Goldberg described his system for using TeX to typeset Hebrew and other right-to-left languages as well as explaining his choice of the name "SemiTeX" (he also gave a preview of an Arabic font and a new Hebrew font which his students have been working on); Michael Ferguson explained the principles and problems underlying his T\^eX package which allows multiple hyphenation patterns and accenting of words containing diacriticals; and this was finished with Kauko Saarinen describing his experiences with Finnish TeX. The day was concluded with "Topical" Birds-of-a-Feather sessions where I found myself leading one on "servers". However, for various reasons (e.g. we all knew pretty much the same stuff and we all used CMS systems), this session became a discussion of CMS TeX. Meanwhile other people discussed such things as Metafont, LaTeX, and all sorts of other stuff. The next day began with Stephan von Bechtolsheim discussing a system for editing LaTeX using EMACS which should prevent mismatched braces and \begin..\end constructions. This was followed by Lynne Price describing HP's in-house SGML system which sadly may never be introduced commercially (from what she's said of it, it's REALLY nice). Ken Yap described the DVI previewers available in the Unix world, particularly for workstations such as the Sun. The remainder of the morning was consumed by the TUG business meeting with lots of interesting things (electing Rick Furuta as the new vice-president and the move of TUG into its very own office space), and a few un-interesting things which are necessary anyway. After lunch we heard talks from Robert Kruse, Mike Schmidt, and Paul Muller detailing various systems for textbook production, and then finally, the meeting concluded with a TeX problems help session (one of the answers appears in this issue's Toolbox and one of the questions in Mysteries & Puzzles) and a report from the training standards committee who are developing standard outlines for the TUG courses. __6 ********************************************************************** * How to change the LaTeX layout * ********************************************************************** By Hubert Partl [[The layout of this article has been left intact by the author's request to demonstrate the appearance of the LaTeX style given in the example. -ed.]] How to Change the LaTeX Layout ------------------------------ by Hubert Partl, Technical University of Vienna, z3000pa@awituw01.bitnet Once Upon a Time ... If you ask someone ``Why do you love LaTeX so much?'' you will most probably get an answer like ``Oh, it's so easy to use by an author'' or ``Everything is so much logic''. This is most certainly true. If you ask someone ``Why do you hate LaTeX?'' then I bet you will hear the answer ``Because I don't like its layout and it's so hard to change that.'' Well, this is a fairy tale that just isn't true. ! --> I just found out that IT IS SO VERY EASY TO CHANGE THE LaTeX LAYOUT. Once you know what the layout should look like, all you have to do is to look at 1. the LaTeX Manual 2. the files ARTICLE.DOC, ART10.DOC, etc. 3. the file LATEX.TEX 4. the TeXbook and perhaps some Style Files other people have already written, and then write a STY-File with re-definitions of the commands you want to be modified. A Practical Example (REFMAN.STY) I dreamed of a LaTeX Style that sets technical texts with a layout like that of the famous PostScript Reference Manual, i.e. with a rather wide left margin, which is used for section headings and marginal notes, and with only narrow empty margins above, below, and to the right of the text area. This seemed a very complicated task, but within a day or two I finished a ``good enough'' solution for the article-like stuff I usually write. I called the file REFMAN.STY, and here it is: 1. The Page Layout From the hints in the LaTeX Manual and those pretty sketches in TUGboat Vol.9/No.1, it was easy to define the general page layout with the following commands: \newdimen\leftmarginwidth \newdimen\fullwidth % = \textwidth + \leftmarginwidth % \textwidth, \columnwidth, \linewidth remain unchanged. \fullwidth=6.5in \leftmarginwidth=\fullwidth \advance\leftmarginwidth by -\textwidth \oddsidemargin=\leftmarginwidth \evensidemargin=\leftmarginwidth \marginparwidth=\leftmarginwidth \advance\marginparwidth by -\marginparsep \advance\topmargin by -5\baselineskip \advance\textheight by 10\baselineskip 2. The Section Headings Re-defining the \section commands to use the full page width and smaller skips and fonts proved to be very easy, indeed. Looking into ART10.DOC reveiled that I just had to copy out some lines and to change them to the following: \def\secshape{\leftskip=-\leftmarginwidth % use \fullwidth \rightskip=\@flushglue % raggedright \hyphenpenalty=2000} % no hyphenation \def\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}{-2ex plus -1ex minus -.2ex}{0.5ex plus .2ex}{\secshape\large\bf}} \def\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}{-1.5ex plus -.5ex minus -.2ex}{0.5ex plus .2ex}{\secshape \normalsize\bf}} \def\subsubsection{\@startsection{subsubsection}{3}{\z@}{-1.5ex plus -.5ex minus -.2ex}{0.5ex plus .2ex}{\secshape \normalsize\rm}} In my papers I don't use \part or \maketitle, so I didn't bother to change these, but I guess it's just as easy. 3. The Positioning of Marginal Notes Since the main margin is now the left one for all pages, I had to change \marginpar to use always the left margin. This too was much easier than I had thought: In LATEX.TEX, I discoverd the command \@addmarginpar, and there I found out, that it sets a count \@tempcnta to \@ne or \m@ne, depending on whether the marginal note should appear to the right or to the left of the text. So, I just modified this portion of the command to set \@tempcnta always to \m@ne, and it worked. \def\@addmarginpar{\@next\@marbox\@currlist{\@cons\@freelist\@marbox \@cons\@freelist\@currbox}\@latexbug\@tempcnta\@ne %- \if@twocolumn %- \if@firstcolumn \@tempcnta\m@ne \fi %- \else %- \if@mparswitch %- \ifodd\c@page \else\@tempcnta\m@ne \fi %- \fi %- \if@reversemargin \@tempcnta -\@tempcnta \fi %- \fi \@tempcnta\m@ne % always to left margin <--- \ifnum\@tempcnta <\z@ \global\setbox\@marbox\box\@currbox \fi \@tempdima\@mparbottom \advance\@tempdima -\@pageht \advance\@tempdima\ht\@marbox \ifdim\@tempdima >\z@ \@warning{Marginpar on page \thepage\space moved}\else \@tempdima\z@ \fi \global\@mparbottom\@pageht \global\advance\@mparbottom\@tempdima \global\advance\@mparbottom\dp\@marbox \global\advance\@mparbottom\marginparpush \advance\@tempdima -\ht\@marbox \global\ht\@marbox\z@ \global\dp\@marbox\z@ \vskip -\@pagedp \vskip\@tempdima\nointerlineskip \hbox to\columnwidth {\ifnum \@tempcnta >\z@ \hskip\columnwidth \hskip\marginparsep \else \hskip -\marginparsep \hskip -\marginparwidth \fi \box\@marbox \hss} \vskip -\@tempdima \nointerlineskip \hbox{\vrule \@height\z@ \@width\z@ \@depth\@pagedp}} 4. Some More Commands I also defined some additional commands. One of them is \def\attention{\mbox{}\marginpar{\raggedleft \large\bf ! $\rightarrow$}} ! --> The gentle reader may guess what this command does and what it is intended for. Conclusions Of course, one might always go on with fine tunig and additional goodies. And certainly you should not change Dr.L's fine design without a good reason. But if you really have to change the layout, then you CAN do so quite easily, and it's certainly better to make these changes within the framework of the LaTeX style concept rather than to abandon LaTeX at all and go back to the ancient days of Plain TeX's visual design! P.S. I am still working on this topic, so I would like to get YOUR comments and suggestions. Why not make this a regular column in TeXMaG, e.g. a ``layout box'' in addition to the ``tool box''? __7 ********************************************************************** * The Toolbox * ********************************************************************** This month's macro is one that was decribed at the TeX Users Group meeting this past August. The problem itself is a simple one: given a short piece of text, either print it centered if its length is under a certain critical size, or if it is longer than that size, print it as a displayed paragraph. For example, this macro (we'll call it \epigram) should produce "Twit Twit Twit" should we call it with \epigram{``Twit Twit Twit''}, but if we should enter the command \epigram{The glory and power of Printing is not all in the past. Its influence in the present makes it a powerful conservator of human progress.} we would want the output to be: The glory and power of Printing is not all in the past. Its influence in the present makes it a powerful conservator of human progress. so, here is how we can define this macro: %-----------severe here----------------------------------------------- \long\def\epigram#1{% We use \long\def to allow the argument % to span several paragraphs. \bigskip % extra space above. \setbox0=\hbox{#1} % put the text into a box \ifdim\wd0>\critwidth %check the length \centerline{\vtop{\hsize=\episize\noindent#1}} % If the length is greater than % the critical length, make a % displayed paragraph \else % otherwise, we just center the text. \centerline{\box0} \fi \smallskip % extra space for the end. } \newdimen\critwidth \critwidth=.75\hsize \newdimen\episize \episize=.6\hsize %-------------Cut again---------------------------------------------- __8 ********************************************************************** * TeX Mysteries & Puzzles * ********************************************************************** This month's puzzle is a remnant of the TeX Users Group meeting. In a nutshell, the problem is to make the paragraph indentation of a paragraph the length of the last line in the preceding paragraph. This could appear something like this. Where the indentation is as shown. I'd imagine that the solution might be to use \lastbox to get the length of the final line in the paragraph in a manner similar to that used in the strange title problem which appeared earlier this year, but this may cause problems when restoring that line to the vertical list. Anyway, I haven't had time to play with the problem, so I'm tossing it out to you, the teeming masses. __9 TeXMaG is an independantly published electronic magazine available free of charge to all interested parties reachable by electronic mail. It is published sporadicly, and the editor likes to think that its monthly so the readers humor him. Subscription requests should be sent to Don Hosek or send the following message to LISTSERV@BYUADMIN: SUBS TEXMAG-L Your_Full_Name. European subscribers may send the SUBS command to LISTSERV@DEARN, subscribers on CDNnet should send subscription requests to (being sure to mention that they wish to subscribe to TeXMaG), and JANET subscribers should send requests to be added to the list to Peter Abbott, . Back issues are available for anonymous FTP in the file BBD:TEXMAG.TXT on SCIENCE.UTAH.EDU or from the directory pub/texmag on SUN.SOE.CLARKSON.EDU BITNET users may obtain back issues from LISTSERV@TCSVM (in an interactive message or as the first line of a mail file, send the command GET TEXMAG VvNn where v is the volume number and n is the issue number). Janet users may obtain back issues from Peter Abbott (e-mail address above) and DECNET/SPAN users may obtain them from the Decnet repository (see below). They may also be obtained from Don Hosek . Article submissions, contributions for the Toolbox, and letters to the editor are always welcome and should be sent to . Other publications of interest to TeX users are: TeXHAX. Arpanet mailing list for persons with questions, suggestions, etc.. about TeX, LaTeX, MetaFont and related programs. Submissions for this list should be sent to . Internet subscribers may subscribe by sending a request to . JANET subscribers should send subscription requests to . BITNET users may subscribe by sending the following command (as an interactive message or as the first line of a mail message) to LISTSERV@TAMVM1: SUBS TEX-L your_full_name. The list is peer-linked to other listserves in the United States and Europe. Australian users should send subscription requests to Japanese users should send subscription requests to . Back issues are available by anonymous FTP from Sun.Soe.Clarkson.Edu in the directory pub/texhax and from Listserv@Tamvm1 (in an interactive message or as the first line of a mail file send the command GET TEXHAXnn yy where nn is the issue number and yy are the last two digits of the year. Issues 100 and above are named TEXHAnnn yy) UKTeX. A U.K. version of TeXhax. To subscribe, send a note to Peter Abbott at . TeXline. A TeX newsletter edited by Malcolm Clark. To subscribe, send a note to . TUGBoat. A publication by the TeX Users Group. An excellant reference for TeX users. For more information about joining TUG and subscribing to TUGBoat send (real) mail to: TeX Users Group c/o American Mathematical Society P. O. Box 9506 Providence, RI 02940-9506, USA Inquiries may be also be sent via e-mail to . LaTeX-style collection. A collection of LaTeX files is available for FTP and mail access at sun.soe.clarkson.edu. To obtain files via FTP, login to sun.soe.clarkson.edu as anonymous, password guest and go to the directory pub/latex-style (where the files are). Further infomation is in the article in this issue. LISTSERV@DHDURZ1 has file archives of interest to TeX users. Included are the Beebe drivers and contents of the LaTeX style collection, as well as some TeX macros. Many files are available only in German. LISTSERV@TAMVM1 also has file archives that may be of interest to TeX users on BITNET, including the files from the Score.Stanford.EDU FTP directories and back issues of TeXHAX. For a list of files available, send the following command to LISTSERV@TAMVM1: GET TeX FILELIST. DECNET. There is a TeX file collection on DECnet accessible from DECnet and SPAN. Available files include the Beebe DVI drivers, the LaTeX style collection, and back issues of TeXhax, TeXMag, and UKTeX. For more information, contact Marisa Luvisetto (DECNET: <39947::luvisetto>, Bitnet: ) or Massimo Calvani U.S. Users should contact Ed Bell <7388::Bell> JANET. Peter Abbott keeps an archive of TeX-related files available for FTP access. For more information send mail to . Special thanks to those who contributed to this issue, Character code reference: Upper case letters: ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ Lower case letters: abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz Digits: 0123456789 Square, curly, angle braces, parentheses: [] {} <> () Backslash, slash, vertical bar: \ / | Punctuation: . ? ! , : ; Underscore, hyphen, equals sign: _ - = Quotes--right left double: ' ` " "at", "number" "dollar", "percent", "and": @ # $ % & "hat", "star", "plus", "tilde": ^ * + ~